Chapter 16 Part 2

Atlantic Revolutions(continued)

 American Independence  


  • With considerable aid from the French, who were please to harm the British rivals. The revolution accelerated the democratic tendencies of the colonial societies, political authority remained largely in the hands of existing elites who led the revolution
  • No women or people of color shaped these gains
  • Slavery was gradually abolished in the northern states while in the southern states remained
  • United States became the most democratic country, gradually working in a reformist fashion of earlier practices and principles of equality announced in the Declaration of Independence
  • Bill of Rights, checks and balances, separation of church and state and federalism
French Revolution
  • In desperate effort to raise taxes, Louis XVI called into session, the Estates General (consisted in 3 estates): The Clergy, the Nobility and the Commoners
  • The 3rd estate (commoners) organized themselves as the National Assembly, claiming sole authority to make laws for the country
  • Drew up on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
  • Launched the French Revolution and radicalized many participats of the National Assembly
  • French insurrection was driven by sharp conflicts within the French society 
  • National Assembly ended all feudalism and slavery was abolished in France
  • King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed
Spanish Revolution

  • Creole elites, did not much generate a revolution
  • In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal deposing the Spanish king Ferdinand VII and forcing Portuguese elite to exile to Brazil
  • Latin American societies were so divided by class, race and region. Contrast with North America were against British not between themselves
  • Mexico moved toward independence in 1810 in a peasant insurrection, driven by hunger for land and high food process 



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