Chapter 17

REVOLUTIONS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 


  • The global context for this transformation lies in the very substantial increase in human numbers
  • From 375 million in 1400 to 1 billion in 19th century
  • Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that dilemma as nonrenewable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of wind, water and wood
  • Raw materials to feed to fuel industrial machinery- coal iron, petroleum altered landscape in many places
  • Industrial Revolution marked a new era in both human history and the history of the planet
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
  • Technological innovations: 
  • The Spinning Jenny
  • Power Loom
  • Steam Engine
  • Cotton Gin = culture of innovation
  • Industrial Revolution spread beyond textile industry to iron and steel production, railroads, steamships, food processing and construction
  • Second Industrial Revolution focused on chemicals, electricity, precision machinery, the telegraph and telephone
  • New industries emerged in automobiles, airplanes, consumer durable goods, electronics, computers.
WHY EUROPE? 
  • Islamic world generated major advances in shipbuilding
  • India had long been world center of cotton textile
  • Economic indicators such as life expectancies, patterns of consumption and nutrition, wage levels, general living standards, free markets and merchant communities led to the major civilizations of Europe emerged to innovate
  • The new societies of the Americas offered a growing number market for European machine produced goods and generated substantial profits for European merchants and entrepreneurs
WHY BRITAIN?
  • British aristocrats had long been interested in the world of business new mining and manufacturing enterprises. British commerce extended around the world
  • British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovations. British government favored men of business, tariffs kept cheap, with creation of canals and roads = unified internal market and patent laws to protect the interests of investors
  • The Parliament provided a free arena for private enterprise than elsewhere in Europe





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