Chapter 22

The End of Empire and Global South to Global Stage


END OF EMPIRE IN WORLD HISTORY 
  • The 20th centuries witnessed the demise of many empires: Austrian and Ottoman empires collapsed after WWI. = new states
  • WWII ended the German and Japanese empires
  • African and Asian movements for independece shared national self determination
  • Powerful influence of United States in Latin America
  • Desinegration of Soviet Union in 1991 = birth to new national states  
AFRICAN AND ASIAN INDEPENDENCE 
  • United states and Soviet Union, the new global superpowers, generally opposed to older European colonial empires
  • The colonies had been integrated into a global economic network and local elites were largely committed to maintaining those links
  • Europe wanted profitable economic interests in Asia and Africa without the expense of trouble of a colonial government
  • Leaders made political parties in all Asia and Africa: Gandhi in India, Sukarno in Indonesia, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, Mandela in South Africa.
CASE OF INDIA
  • British colonial rule also promoted a growing sense of Indian identity
  • INC – Indian National Congress established in 1885
  • Made by well educated Indians-English background. Lawyers, teachers and businessmen (high caste Hindu families)
    • did not seek to overthrow British rule, rather they hoped to gain greater inclusion wihtin the political, military of British India
  •  At the beginning the INC had difficult gaining mass following.
GHANDI 
  • Ghandi (1869-1949) Born in Gujurat, Hindu family, Married at age of 13, embraced an opportinity to study law in England at 18
    • He returned a lawyer in 1893, accepted a job in South Africa
  • Ghandi experienced racism
    • He emerged a political philosophy SATYAGRAHA (truth force) through a non violent, approach
  •  Returned to India 1915, and got involved in the INC
  • His support to Muslims but with Hindu religious themes, this made the INC into mass organization
  • He rejected moden industrialization, his own chied Jawaharlal Nehru embraced science, technology for Indias future



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